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One axle is permanently connected to the drive, the other is being connected as needed
Full-time (also, permanent)
All axles are permanently connected, with or without a differential.
Independent
The wheels are driven, but not dependent on a central mechanical power coupling.
When tire grip is good during road driving, a differential is used between the axles to avoid driveline windup. This is not required off-road, as the limited grip allows the tires to slip. All-wheel drive vehicles designed for extensive off-road use may not have such a differential, and so they suffer from wind-up when used on-road.[3] Selectable 4WD also avoids this problem and requires only a simple dog clutch in the transfer case, rather than a differential. For this reason, most early off-road vehicles used that system; e.g., Jeep, Land Rover.
The most common forms of all-wheel drive are:
1x1
All unicycles
Reflecting one axle with one wheel capable of being powered.
2x2
Some motorcycles and bikes
Reflecting two axles with one wheel on each capable of being powered.
4×4 (also, four-wheel drive and 4WD)
Reflecting two axles with both wheels on each capable of being powered.
6×6 (also, six-wheel drive and 6WD)
Reflecting three axles with both wheels on each capable of being powered.
8×8 (also, eight-wheel drive and 8WD)
Reflecting four axles with both wheels on each capable of being powered.
Vehicles may be either part-time all-wheel drive or full-time:
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