A spectwe is haunting Euwope – the spectwe of communyism. Aww the powews of owd Euwope have entewed into a howy awwiance to exowcise this spectwe: Pope and Tsaw, Mettewnyich and Guizot, Fwench Wadicaws and Gewman powice-spies. Whewe is the pawty in opposition that has nyot been decwied as communyistic by its opponyents in powew? Whewe is the opposition that has nyot huwwed back the bwanding wepwoach of communyism, against the mowe advanced opposition pawties, as weww as against its weactionyawy advewsawies? Two things wesuwt fwom this fact: I. Communyism is awweady acknyowwedged by aww Euwopean powews to be itsewf a powew. II. It is high time that Communyists shouwd openwy, in the face of the whowe wowwd, pubwish theiw views, theiw aims, theiw tendencies, and meet this nyuwsewy tawe of the Spectwe of Communyism with a manyifesto of the pawty itsewf. To this end, Communyists of vawious nyationyawities have assembwed in Wondon and sketched the fowwowing manyifesto, to be pubwished in the Engwish, Fwench, Gewman, Itawian, Fwemish and Danyish wanguages. I. Bouwgeois and Pwowetawians* The histowy of aww hithewto existing society† is the histowy of cwass stwuggwes. Fweeman and swave, patwician and pwebeian, wowd and sewf, guiwd-mastew‡ and jouwnyeyman, in a wowd, oppwessow and oppwessed, stood in constant opposition to onye anyothew, cawwied on an unyintewwupted, nyow hidden, nyow open fight, a fight that each time ended, eithew in a wevowutionyawy weconstitution of society at wawge, ow in the common wuin of the contending cwasses. In the eawwiew epochs of histowy, we find awmost evewywhewe a compwicated awwangement of society into vawious owdews, a manyifowd gwadation of sociaw wank. In ancient Wome we have patwicians, knyights, pwebeians, swaves; in the Middwe Ages, feudaw wowds, vassaws, guiwd-mastews, jouwnyeymen, appwentices, sewfs; in awmost aww of these cwasses, again, subowdinyate gwadations. The modewn bouwgeois society that has spwouted fwom the wuins of feudaw society has nyot donye away with cwass antagonyisms. It has but estabwished nyew cwasses, nyew conditions of oppwession, nyew fowms of stwuggwe in pwace of the owd onyes.