To refine oil, it must be first heated to 300C in a custom tank. From the bottom of the tank, start placing "Fractional Distillation Ports". The first 2 will always output oil. The next 8 (3-10, 3 and 10 included) will output diesel. Rest will be jet fuel. When the crude oil is in the custom tank with these ports, and is heated to at least 300C, it will start outputting to these ports. Refer to this guide or this video for a more in-depth guide on how to make an oil rig this way.

However, I personally consider this the bad way, because you can have a very small chamber that stores around 500L and has 3 furnaces heating 100Ls of oil, capped by valves & fluid meters, also a little bit of logic for the near-100L limit, and the furnaces capped by a temp. probe *INSIDE* the custom tank, checking for the temp. and making sure its above 300, turning on the furnaces when it's not (I like to keep my threshold at 360 or above, it's a safe bet). If you do this, the oil will still distill into Diesel and Jet Fuel. Now what you need to do is have 2 input ports with the deprecated fluid filters, found here, this here , or with the Stormloader "Hidden Blocks in Inventory" mod, and with one of them set to filter ONLY jet fuel and the other for ONLY diesel. After this, you can just pump them into a tank for storage. This method also works. However, make sure to not overfill your refining segment and that you're checking the total liquid, not only oil. It doesn't matter if the furnaces also heat the jet fuel/diesel, so as long as you don't max out the tank, you should be fine.

To mine ores, you simply need the "Mineral Drill" block with RPS going into it's input. I recommend the self-mining truck by 454 and his team . Once you have a mining vehicle, you can just go to any of the mining places marked on the map (and some unmarked ones, I'll let you find those) and mine your ore. Whenever you're satisfied with the ores you have, you may refine them at refineries.

(I neded to do that pun.)
Gold ore can not be mined directly, it will instead be mined as "Gold Dirt" and will need to be refined at a seperator like the Ace Master Gold Dirt Seperator.

These 3 metals can be crafted through factories like the "Empire Industries Metal Ore Factory", (located on middle-ish south part of the arid island, unlocked with the Industrial Frontier DLC). For this factory, there will be hoppers on the northern part of the factory.

Iron Ore = Iron Ingot
Iron Ingot + Coal = Steel Ingot
Aliminium Ore = Aliminium Ingot
Gold Ore = Impure Gold Ingot

This is basically the same as gold ore seperating, a different factory than all, like the "Uran Wind Power Plant and Uranium Processing".

You may purify your impure gold ingots to pure ones through places like the "Mallamar Gold Purification Lab". Just drop your impure ingots into the hopper and this will result in pure ingots, and I highly suggest this as impure sells for 150$ a piece, when pure sells for 2000$ a piece.

This is a field really lacking coverage, however, after digging through the game files for some other reasons, I have fou[nd that you can get solid fuel by depoisiting Aluminium Ingots & Water into "Propellant Factories".

If you've heard of XML editing, you probably heard of mass editing. This is done by using solid rocket nozzles with negative fuel to make their mass also be negative. This also has the side effect of logically adding solid fuel to your storage when despawned. By using this logic, you could spawn a negative-mass solid fuel nozzle to gain solid fuel too. As always, I have a recommendation and it is this.

Coal can be used to power fireboxes for steam-powered - or heating.
Uranium ingots can be deposited into bases to use nuclear fuel rods.
Aliminium can be used in solid fuel manufacturing.
Solid fuel can be deposited into bases to power solid fuel utilizing stuff.

Coal can alternatively be sold.
Aliminium can alternatively be sold.
Iron, steel, and both types of gold ingots are made to be sold.

Gold Dirt = Gold Ore (Gold Dirt Seperator)
Gold Ore = Impure Gold Ingot (Metal Factory)
Iron Ore = Iron Ingot (Metal Factory)
Iron Ingot + Coal = Steel Ingot (Metal Factory)
Aliminium Ore = Aliminium Ingot (Metal Factory)
Aliminium Ore + Water = Solid Fuel (Propellant Factory)
Impure Gold Ingot = Pure Gold Ingot (Gold Purifyier)
Uranium Ore = Uranium Ingot (Uranium Refinery)

Gold, Iron, Steel = Sell
Uranium, Coal = Use or Sell
Aliminium = Make Solid Fuel or Sell
Solid Fuel = Use