This guide uses the 100% (normal difficulty) rates, and information was gathered from the game files.

The population consumption rates are as follows,
Food .0010 per second per person
Drinking Water .0008 per second per person
Oxygen .0010 per second per person
Medicine .0002 per second per person.

Drinking Water and Oxygen are converted to Waste Water and Carbon Dioxide at a 1:1 conversion rate.
Food creates .20 garbage, medicine creates .08 garbage. (Side note, garbage is just called trash in the code)

An entire day-night cycle is 480 seconds, divided into Dawn, Day, Dusk, and Night. The subdivisions depend on the region at game start, and seem to be calculated based on axial tilt and such, not declared in the game code.

Therefore a person over the course of a day will consume
0.48 Food
0.384 Drinking Water
0.48 Oxygen
0.096 Medicine

And produce as byproducts
0.384 Waste Water
0.48 Carbon Dioxide (enough for growing .96 food, leaving a net positive of CO2)
0.10368 Garbage

One Electrolyzer makes 1 oxygen / 6 seconds, or 80 oxygen per day, which can supply 166.6 people. It requires 2 water / second to sustain this, which can be supplied by one large smelter or two small smelters.
Later on, an Oxygen Garden converts 1 CO2 to O2 every 20 seconds, providing 24 oxygen per day, or enough for 50 people. Just be sure to prioritize your CO2 going to food production.

One Water Treatment Plant converts 1 (waste) water into 1 potable water / 6 seconds, or 80 potable water per day, which can supply 208.3 people. One small smelter can easily provide enough to prime the system, after which it is better to recycle the wastewater instead of melting new ice, though increases in population will require more water in the system.

A hydroponic farm makes 12 food and 2 oxygen / 96 seconds, for 60 food and 10 oxygen per day, enough to feed 125 people and supplement the oxygen of 20.8 of them. The ingredients vary. CO2 for food may be sourced by accepting waste from other factions, but it is also readily available as the byproduct of your population breathing, and in fact this is twice the CO2 to feed your population. Provided you can maintain the supply of agrochemicals or limestone and ammonia at least.

A large extruder can process 1 garbage / 5 seconds, or 96 per day, enough for 925.9 people. Pollution from itself and incinerators is likely to lower this significantly, to around 771 people per day. Also beware trying to send this much to incinerators due to their immense heat output, you will need to cool them to operate efficiently.



I may or may not add more information and formatting. Mostly I was trying to plan for my own expansion, was frustrated at the lack of documentation ingame and otherwise, and decided to make a guide with what I found.