There are four classes of respawning artifacts S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2: Heart of Chornobyl.

We can further break down each category into different rarities. Their drop rates change throughout your progress in the main mission.

It can be said that artifacts respawn every 1-2 emissions in the same locations.

There are various artifact spawn locations. Some of them can only be visited once in order to find an artifact, others can be revisited every few emissions as the artifacts will respawn.

Using the following link, all artifact spawn locations can be found and you can set up a path to visit through the map in order to effectively farm artifacts-

Please note that I have no personal affiliation to the map or their owners and clicking the link has to be done on your own risk:
https://mapgenie.io/stalker-2-heart-of-chornobyl/maps/the-zone

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What kind of artifact will spawn in the artifacts location will not be determined until you get too close.

the likelihood of a specific rarity of artifact spawning changes depending on your progress in the main mission.

Therefore the most effective approach (at this point) is to save the game approximately 85-95m away from the artifacts location.
From there, go towards the artifacts location and reload the game until the desired artifact has spawned.

Below I created an overview of all artifacts classified into their different rarities and categories:
Enjoy.