You won't read this anyway, dig in.

Mathematic
Reach the Engineer Citizen Tier
Aristocratic
Reach the Aristobot Citizen Tier
Systematic
Reach the Scientist Citizen Tier
Digging a Hole
Repair the Mineshaft
Going Places
Excavate your first Rocket Part
Up, Up And Away!
Launch the Rocket.

Conducted Trade
Complete a Trade at the Train Station
Easy, just set up a trade as explained in the tutorial. Make sure you have enough resources to make a trade. It'll trigger when the train arrives.
It's Yours, My Friend
Buy something from the Store.
Also easy, just click one of the items in those banners next to the trade button in the train station. It shows how much it costs at the bottom. These change every time the train comes
Tutti Frutti
Have Miners, Prospectors, Mechanics, and Guards on the same mine floor
Honestly probably not missable, but if someone wants to try and make this happen I'm willing to watch that video.
Slotting Machine
Have 20 Items slotted into building or quarters
You should get plenty of items from mines chests or buying them in the train station, just equip all of them. Easy enough.
Manic Mechanic
Build every Machine
You may have trouble with this, here's the every machine:

• Speed vent
  
• Teleporter
  
• Radar Machine
  
• Thumper
  
• Grenade Turret
  
• Flame Turret
  
• Lightning Turret

Apparently, according to commenter tourviell, Extractors are not necessary, and neither is them all being on the same floor, so maybe I was stupid. Or maybe they're stupid. Only one way to find out!

Botropolis
Have 2000 Citizens in your city
You can get this playing the game normally. Build more housing if you need help. Higher tier housing holds more citizens per space.
Steaming Rich
Amass a fortune of 1,500,000
You get paid every few seconds, try to make as many citizens as you can, or just AFK for a bit. This is also gotten fairly easily if you do a playthrough in casual mode
Room To Spare
Reach a Global Storage of 150.
There's a specific warehouse item you need to get to upgrade the storage by +25. Base storage is 50, so you need 4 of these. These can be bought in the train station or found in the mines chests. Grand Gulley and Giddyup Gorge landmarks may help you if you can't get enough.
Whoa!
Teleport a Miner 100m
Not really sure how far 100m is in this game, but considering I just got this randomly it's probably not too far. Place teleporters really far from each other, but in a way that the miners would use the teleporter.
Roll Out
Connect 5 Extractors to a single Conveyor Belt network
You'll probably get this as you go on through the game. Use the Highroller Dune landmark if you have trouble with it.

Accustomed Customer
Buy 100 Items from the Store across all playthroughs
This one is easy enough. You'll want to have beaten Giddyup Gorge and Grand Gulley to get discounts, faster trains, and occasionally free items. Play in casual to have the money and resources for the trades.
Click 'Em All
Click 100 Tumbleweeds across all playthroughs
You'll see shiny particles around a ball in the world sometimes. Click those whenever you see them. The landmark for Tumbleton can also help if you're struggling. In my experience, tumbleweeds tend to spawn where there isn't much built. It can help to start a new game to grind it.
I'm A Lumberbot
Chop down 50,000 trees across all playthroughs
Build lumbermills everywhere possible, speed up the game and wait. That's about all you can do. So slow. As commenter Psycat suggested, it may require stop production if you hit the resource cap, so setting up trades might help.
Nothing But Road
Place 100km of Roads across all playthroughs
This one is a lot easier with the Highroller Dunes landmark, but you can also just place a lot of dirt roads and get it. You need to place ~33k roads, you don't need to make it a long path or anything. Doing this on an new game with an entirely empty map (Play enough to unlock the rest of the map) and the landmark helps. Really just a hellish task.
Mine Sweeper
Defeat 1000 enemies across all playthroughs
This is an easy one, if you need to farm use a completed save file so the hives are attacking quickly and constantly, make sure to set up a good defense so you can just AFK if you need.
Real Purdy
Place 100 decorations across all playthroughs
I literally just placed a bunch of cactus down to do this.
Dopa-Miner
Open 50 chests across all playthroughs
Pretty easy, you'll see sparkles in the walls sometimes in the mines. If you're having trouble try fully digging out every mine and you'll probably get it in one playthrough.

Gotta Go Fast
Have a Steambot boosted by Speed Vents for 15 seconds
I got this one on accident because a miner went on the same speed vent twice. Speed effect from speed vents lasts around 10 seconds from my testing, so it shouldn't be too hard to set it up. Or just place speed vents all over the place, if you got materials to spare
Steam Powered
Have 40 Refineries boosted by Steam
Build steam furnaces all over the city. On a completed save file you should have way more than 40 refineries, and they're small and easy to slot in. If you can't remember, it's in the Aristobot section.
Stack Overflow
Reach a surplus of 100 citizens for all tiers
Not too hard, on a completed save file make enough housing for 100 of each type of citizen (Workers, Engineers, Aristobots and Scientists). You can tell by the number in the top, green means surplus. Make all of them 100 or more.
Interstellar Performance
Launch the Rocket on Hard Difficulty
Simple enough, for some reason it's called "Difficult" instead of "Hard" when you set it in the new game screen. It may help to get a few of the landmarks from the maps if you're having trouble.
Yup.
Launch the rocket without building any turrets
Probably the hardest achievement, honestly. Here's some pro tips for you:
1. Thumpers are NOT turrets
2. You can play on Casual difficulty
3. Get a ton of guards. Fossil Park landmark may help with that.
4. Once you have all the rocket parts, you can destroy bridges. Unless you need that scrap, it's not worth the constant effort.
5. Farming Rocketshroom is what causes the constant attacks in the end, NOT the cutscene where Fen turns out to be evil oh no who could have guessed
6. Remember to buy guard items when you can.

There, I added more. Commenter Spirit_OK also said a bunch of stuff, so here's their list (with my commentary):
0. Better performed on a random mine map with a lot of bridges. (I dunno why they started at zero, they might be a computer)
1. Don't dig up rocket parts on 2nd floor, go straight for the 3rd. That way you won't have attacks on 2rd floor. (You still get hive attacks even when you haven't dug up the parts though?)
2. Explore, but don't get close to hives, use radars. (The exact distance is questionable, because enemies from hives can go through dirt in some cases.)
3. Get 10+ guards and weapons for all of them. (Good advice)
4. Break into the hive, on attack alert start to dig up a part. The hive will switch to anti-dig pattern, spawning small waves. After taking the part - collect nearby resources, retreat to your territory, burn the bridge. The hive would go dark, even if it starts the attack later, enemies won't be able to reach you as there is no path. (That's a complex strategy.)
5. Repeat for the hive guarding the levers and the second rocket part. If you don't have vectron scrap veins near you, restore access to one hive island. (But I need MORE!)
6. Build fuel shroom farms, rocket fuel factory, get 100 fuel while having at most one hive to defend from. (Assuming you have the storage space from the warehouse items)
7. Return to the 2nd floor, dig up rockets part here, wait for the fuel to fill up and launch.

I find this strategy almost too effective. Like sure, this achievement is hard, but it's not THAT hard. That being said, good job, nerd.

If you have any suggestions or criticism, comment below and I might read it and update the guide. Or I might not. If you want me to crop the achievement screenshots better, go screw yourself.