There are story-related achievements and missables in every chapter, this is the full list (M means the achievement is missable. - Story-related achievements are grouped, while the missable ones are separated):

M People’s Marathon
Observer

Correctness:
prototype
new world order
M Looking Good
good looking guy
boys don’t cry
digital man
electride
white out
M Final Message

Matchmaker:
underground theater
quiet cradle
about nighthawk
the lunar orbit
moon over

Placebo:
UTSUTSU
NAGARE
TIGIRI
YOGORE
SIZUKU
MISOGI
YUKI
M Turtle Guy 2.0
M Taste of Defeat

prototype
Completed #00 prototype


new world order
Completed #01 new world order


good looking guy
Completed #02 good looking guy


boys don’t cry
Completed #03 boys don't cry


digital man
Completed #04 digital man


electride
Completed #05 electride


white out
Completed #06 white out
Complete the Whiteout case (unlocks after completing all Correctness chapters)

underground theater
Completed “01 underground theater


quiet cradle
Completed “02 quiet cradle


about nighthawk
Completed “03 about nighthawk


the lunar orbit
Completed “04 the lunar orbit


moon over
Completed “05 moon over 25



UTSUTSU
Completed *00 UTSUTSU


NAGARE
Completed *01 NAGARE


TIGIRI
Completed *02 TIGIRI


YOGORE
Completed *03 YOGORE


SIZUKU
Completed *04 SIZUKU


MISOGI
Completed *05 MISOGI


YUKI
Completed *06 YUKI
Complete the YUKI case (unlocks after completing all Placebo chapters)


Observer
Completed all chapters.
Complete the #black out chapter (this chapter is unlocked after completing all three storylines and can be found in the Correctness chapter)

People’s Marathon
Walked 2.5 km on the chapter select screen.
This is a rather easy but time-wasting achievement, you have to move from a chapter to another from the chapter selection screen with the "pixel man". To make this faster, just walk back and forth between two points without stopping or else you will waste time backing out of the chapter select, making it take even longer.
As <flashmoZZg> said, after completing the game normally, it should take about 5 mins of walking to get the achievement.

Looking Good
Completed #03 without losing to any of the hitmen.
You can get this one in the Correctness storyline #03 Boys Don’t Cry. There will be 7 jrpg-style fights. To get this achievement you must win all the battles without losing. Here's the list of the moves to do in order to win:

Hitman 1
• Shoot
• Punch
• Shoot
• Shoot

Hitman 2
• Knee kick
• Pound

Hitman 3
• Shoot
• Guard
• Shoot
• Shoot
• Eeny meeny miny moe

Hitman 4
• Get Horny

Hitman 5
• Hunt

Hitman 6
• Hypershot
• Shoot
• Shoot
• Shoot
• Hypershot
• Shoot
• Hypershot
• Hypershot
• Hypershot
• Shoot

Hitman 7
• Death-filing

Turtle Guy 2.0
Talked to Red a total of 51 times.
You can get this during any of the Placebo cases, you only need to talk to Red (the turtle) 51 times. This is cumulative across all Placebo cases.

Taste of Defeat
Lost the game.
You can get this one playing #04 SIZUKU (Placebo storyline). Near the middle of the chapter, you have to choose a weapon to fight your opponent, you have 3 chances to win one time.
The first two times you can pick the item you want since it's impossible to win.
On the third try, SAVE THE GAME and DO NOT INTERACT WITH THE PORCELAIN JAR, choose an item from the turtle and you will lose, getting this achievement. Later you can load the save to finish the chapter.

Final Message
Watched all endings.
This achievement requires a lot of time.
After completing all storylines you will unlock a new case called black out on the Correctness arc. You must play this chapter 100 times, choosing a different ending every time. The game keeps track of what you have chosen so far, so you don't have to remember, also the characters say the game file will be deleted but it's not true. You can't skip the pre-ending dialog, but if you press X or A (depending on which controller you're playing with) it will be faster.

Thank you for reading this, it's my first guide, so let me know if I can improve something. I hope my guide helped you.