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PROJECT MKULTRA, THE CIA'S PROGRAM OF RESEARCH IN BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATION

DISCLAIMER: https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/hearings/95mkultra.pdf

JOINT HEARING
BEFORE THE
SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE
AND THE
SUBCOMMITTEE ON
HEALTH AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
OF THE
COMMITTEE ON HUMAN RESOURCES
UNITED STATES SENATE
NINETY-FIFTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION

APPENDIX A
XVII. TESTING AND USE OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS BY THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY

Fears that countries hostile to the United States would use chemi-
cal and biological agents against Americans or America's allies led
to the development of a defensive program designed to discover tech-
niques for American intelligence agencies to detect and counteract
chemical and biological agents. The defensive orientation soon became
secondary as the possible use of these agents to obtain information
from, or gain control over, enemy agents became apparent.
Research and development programs to find materials which could
be used to alter human behavior were initiated in the late 1940s and
early 1950s. These experimental programs originally included testing
of drugs involving witting human subjects, and culminated in tests
using unwitting, nonvolunteer human subjects. These tests were de-
signed to determine the potential effects of chemical or biological
agents when used operationally against individuals unaware that they had received a drug.

The testing programs were considered highly sensitive by the in-
telligence agencies administering them. Few people, even within the
agencies, knew of the programs and there is no evidence that either
the executive branch or Congress were ever informed of them. The
highly compartmented nature of these programs may be explained in
part by an observation made by the CIA Inspector General that, "the
knowledge that the Agency is engaging in unethical and illicit activi-
ties would have serious repercussions in political and diplomatic circles
and would be detrimental to the accomplishment of its missions." 3
The research and development program, and particularly the co-
vert testing programs, resulted in massive abridgments of the rights
of American citizens, sometimes with tragic consequences. The deaths
of two Americans can be attributed to these programs; other partici-
pants in the testing programs may still suffer from the residual ef-
fects. While some controlled testing of these substances might be de-
fended, the nature of the tests, their scale, and the fact that they were
continued for years after the danger of surreptitious administration
of LSD to unwitting individuals was known, demonstrate a funda-
mental disregard for the value of human life.

Jurisdictional uncertainty within the CIA was matched by juris-
dictional conflict among the various intelligence agencies. A spirit of
cooperation and reciprocal exchanges of information which initially
characterized the programs disappeared. Military testers withheld in-
lormation from the CIA, ignoring suggestions for coordination from
their superiors. The CIA similarly failed to provide informiation to
the military on the CIA's testing program. This failure to cooperate
was conspicuously manifested in an attempt by the Army to conceal
their overseas testing program, which included surreptitious admin-
istration of LSD, from the CIA. Learning of the Army's program,
the Agency surreptitiously attempted to obtain details of it.

A. THE PROGRAMS INVESTIGATED
1. Project CHATTER
Project CHATTER was a Navy program that began in the fall of
1947. Responding to reports of "amazing results" achieved by the
Soviets in using "truth drugs," the program focused on the identifica-
tion and testing of. such drugs for use in interrogations and in the
recruitmenc of agents. The research included laboratory experiments
on animals and hump , subjects involving Anabasis aphylla, scopola-
mine, and MESCALINE in order to determine their speech-inducing quali-
ties. Overseas experiments were conducted as part of the project.
The project expanded substantially during the Korean War, and
ended shortly after the war, in 1953. .

3. MKNAOMI
MKNAOMI was another major CIA program in this area. In 1967,
the CIA summarized the purposes of MKNAOMI:
(a) To provide for a covert support base to meet clandes-
tine operational requirements.
(b) To stockpile severely incapacitating and lethal ma-
terials for the specific use of TSD [Technical Services Di-
vision].
(c) To maintain in operational readiness special and unique
items for the dissemination of biological and chemical ma-
terials.
(d) To provide for the required surveillance, testing, up-
grading, and evaluation of materials and items in order to
assure absence of defects and complete predictability of re-
sults to be expected under operational conditions. 9
Under an agreement reached with the Army in 1952, the Snecial
Operations Division (SOD) at Fort Detrick was to assist CIA in
developing, testing, and maintaining biological agents and delivery
systems. By this agreement, CIA acquired the knowledge, skill, and
facilities of the Army to develop biological weapons suited for CIA
use.
SOD developed darts coated with biological agents and pills con-
taining several different biological agents which could remain potent
for weeks or months. SOD also developed a special gun for firing
darts coated with a chemical which could allow CIA agents to incapaci-
tate a guard dog, enter an installation secretly, and return the dog to
consciousness when leaving. SOD scientists were unable to develop
a similar incapacitant for humans. SOD also physically transferred
to CIA personnel biological agents in "bulk" form, and delivery
devices, including some containing biological agents.

MKNAOMI was terminated in 1970. On November 25, 1969, Presi-
dent Nixon renounced the use of any form of biological weapons that
kill or incapacitate and ordered the disposal of existing stocks of bac-
teriological weapons.

4. MKULTRA
MKULTRA was the principal CIA program involving the research
and development of chemical and biological agents. It was "con-
cerned with the research and development of chemical, biological, and
radiological materials capable of employment in clandestine oper-
ations to control human behavior." 11
In January 1973, MKULTRA records were destroyed by Technical
Services Division personnel actin on the verbal orders of Dr. Sidney
Gottlieb, Chief of TSD. Dr. Gottlieb has testified, and former Direc-
tor Helms has confirmed, that in ordering the records destroyed, Dr.
Gottlieb was carrying out the verbal order of then DCI Helms.

Part of the rationale for the establishment of this special fund-
ing mechanism was its extreme sensitivity. The Inspector General's
survey of MKULTRA in 1963 noted the following reasons for this
sensitivity:
a. Research in the manipulation of human behavior is con-
sidered by many. authorities in medicine and related fields
to be professionally unethical, therefore the reputation of
professional participants in the MKULTRA-program are on
occasion in jeopardy.
b. Some MKULTRA activities raise questions of legality
implicit in the original charter.
- c. A final phase of the testing of MKULTRA products
places the rights and interests of U.S. citizens in jeopardy.
d. Public disclosure of some aspects of MKULTRA activ-
ity could induce serious adverse reaction in U.S. public
opinion, as well as stimulate offensive and defensive action
in this field on the part of foreign intelligence services."3