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1870s:
France during the 1870s was fortunate to avoid what would have been a defining event if it had gone through; the Prussian annexation of Alsace-Lorraine. Due to diplomatic manuverings, unexpected success on the part of the armies of the Loire, a stronger stance on the part of Bismarck, and a sudden realization of the increasing strength from outside of Western Europe, France did not lose any territory in the war, although it still had to pay reparations and make various concessions in other regards. Ultimately France and Germany would eventually come to an understanding, prefering to work together than than see both nations outshone by the light of the Americas and the other countries of Europe.
Demographically however, this did little to rectify the French stagnant population. It was clear in Paris to those planners aware of the problem, that in the long term France faced fate as being consigned to that of a middle or even minor power, unless if it did something to stem its problems in this regard. The Republic's government, in its wisdom, implemented a chain of policies intended to reflect increased population growth in the long term - an attempt to achieve 2 percent was proposed, although ultimately a number of around 1.5 percent was viewed as the sustainable goal. Without major land wars, although vast numbers of French soldiers were deployed in the African and the Scandinavian campaigns during the War of the Coalitions, France was able to devote itself to this task. Demographic recovery had become a national obsession.
One of the most lasting changes in France besides from this was the massively increased rate of urbanization. In comparisons to other nations, like those of Britain (although not to its European continental siblings) France was found wanting. It was also broadly realized that French agriculture was less efficient than modern methods that were being developed elsewhere. As a result, France began a long term program to intensify urbanification, drawing the peasants away from the land and into the new industrial cities.
This decade was also the last without large-scale immigration to the colonies, although immigration to Algeria did begin to expand. It would have to wait until the 1880s for large-scale immigration to the French colonial Empire and the intensive Francification of these regions to begin.
Algeria:
Algeria was the first of France's large overseas colonies, and the first intended as a settler colony. As a result of this, it was the primary destination for French settlers during the 19th century. It was during this period that the roots of an Algeria that still remains French to today were set, as opposed to the much more tenuous rule of the Second Empire.
Tunisia:
Tunisia was similar to Morocco in having a unique development with foreign influences. It was initially acquired from the Ottoman Empire, after the War of the Coalitions. After the initial period of French centralization however, it was subsequently embarked upon with a unique experiment of the influence of multiple nations, in this case Morocco, Italy, and of course France.
Morocco:
Morocco is another one of the unique parts of the French Colonial Empire, for unlike the rest it was allowed much more leeway in its domestic affairs.
Libya:
During the initial part of the 8th decade of the 19th century, like its Tunisian and Egyptian neighbors, Libya was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Its social order had not substantially changed for centuries, with a dusty and backwards Ottoman subject left mostly to its own accords. Despite some intensifications of Ottoman control in the 1870s, ultimately it would be France that would bring Algeria under its control in 1874, at the end of the War of the Sands of Africa, when it jointly defeated Egypt after it declared independent from the Ottoman Empire.
France mostly left Libya untouched for the majority of the decade, and thus unlike in Algeria, there were not the forced population transfers that still generate deep emotions and social troubles within this section of the French Republic to today. By the time French settlers began to arrive in earnest, settling was done much more peacefully and with a focus on integration.
As a result, despite the focus on colonies that the Republic held, Libya's status changed little during the 1870s, and it continued to be a dusty and neglected colony far away from the nation that controlled it.
Vietnam:
1870s:
Unlike other regions of the French Republic, Vietnam was most definitely not left to its own devices in the 1870s. This was instead one of the most transformative decades, and its experience, alongside that of Cambodia and Laos, was unique.Despite a limited French settler presence, it industrialized heavily, and the decade saw its start on its path to one day become the "France de l'Est"- France of the East.
In the early 1870s, French surveys in Vietnam realized there was large amounts of iron, steel, and mineral resources in Indochina. Not only was Indochina an obvious agricultural region, but it could also be a region for extraction of resources. The problem was that France didn't on its own have any need for the coal and iron resources of Vietnam. The only way to put them to use was to develop a local industry for their utilization.
If it wasn't for the development of Japan, this probably wouldn't have happened. But at the same time Japan was industrializing rapidly, and unlike Indochina, it didn't have appropriate reserves of iron and coal needed for sufficient steel production. Combined with a French obsession with colonial development, there were in place the conditions for the development of Indochina as a place of industry for France. Thus began the French program to make it into France de l'Est, the Eastern outpost of France across the world.
This had important ramifications on the population of Vietnam. There was an influx of peasants from the farms to manage the new factories that were created - not always by choice, despite the formal banning of forced labour in the colonies. France also devoted huge funds to the development of Indochinese infrastructure linking the region together. Education networks to attempt to spread French culture and language were created. Vietnam would grow steadily in population throughout the era, with the exception of the brief famines of 1878, that ultimately marked the beginning of a sustained reform of the Indochinese food distribution network.
Despite this, like other regions of France, there was no incentive for population growth. Indochina on its own grew well enough despite this, and it wouldn't be until the 20th century that interest in its growth began to appear.
Cambodia:
Cambodia in many ways represented a small version of Vietnam, industrializing and providing resources for the development of a French industry in the region. Unlike Vietnam however, it was on a smaller scale, and also suffered a fame in the early part of the decade, in addition to the famine of 1878. Due to the purely localized scale of the famine however, there was not the aggressive attempts to combat it as in other regions on Indochina, and substantive reform did not begin until the 1878.
Besides this, like other regions of Indochina (except for Laos, which largely served as a recruiting ground for soldiers during the period) its development was mostly of the industrial nature, although limited political reforms also began. It also saw by far the most rapid population growth during the period, despite being effected by twin famines, at some peaks going over some 4%.
Laos:
During the 1870s in Laos, there was both a similar and unique role performed by the region. Laos did the same as many other states, providing resources and labor for the development of Indochina's industrial base. However, it was also responsible for the widespread recruitment of the region's military forces. Since Laos was perceived as the most separate and isolated, it was thought that, during this early stage, having Laotian troops would be a good way to provide an external force that still wouldn't require the recruitment of expensive Metropolitan or even African troops. As a result, Laos saw dozens of thousands of soldiers recruited, despite its small population size, and the Troupes de Marine were dispoportionately Laotian. This wouldn't change for several decades.
Laos was also lucky enough to not be effected by the famines in the region, since its isolated area in the country and lack of significant internal change meant it was more resistant.
Hainan:
Unlike the rest of the French colonies in Indochina during the period, Hainan was not owned at the start of the decade, but instead aquired from the Dutch, as compensations regarding their efforts to achieve a political union with Belgium, in contravention of the Treaty of London. Despite some consideration for turning it over to China, it ultimately was kept, and undersaw relatively quick population growth for the rest of the decade, as well as fast industrialization.